The Arabian Peninsula was an unknown spot for the European world, and the books of travelers who came to it in past centuries contributed greatly to lighting up the features of the Arabian Peninsula and its heritage and cognitive richness. Among the academic scientific trips that contributed to this was the trip of the famous explorer Carsten Niebuhr, which was documented by King Abdulaziz Public Library in its publication of a translation of the book: "Niebuhr's Journey to the Arabian Peninsula." He narrates his journey from Denmark to the Arabian Peninsula with six scientists who passed away before completing the journey due to illness; however, the author continued the journey alone. The als of the trip were to answer questions posed by the Academy of Sciences in Paris about this unknown spot of the world. Carsten Niebuhr drew the first detailed maps of the Arabian Peninsula and a number of regions and cities he visited in Yemen, Iraq, the Arabian Gulf, Syria, and Palestine, and described the customs of its people, and their living and social conditions. Some maps are still useful today. The author published the results of his journey in several books and articles, the most important of which is the book in our hands, which is the first scientific description by a European traveler of the Arabian Peninsula, its regions, and cities.